English Right Form of verb

  Modefier Rules:

Modifier কাকে বলে: যে word বা phrase কোন word বা phrase এর পূর্বে বা পরে বসে তাকে Modify বা বিশেষিত করে তাকে Modifier বলে।

যেমন:

i) Arif is a meritorious student.

ii) The girl standing on the road is very beautiful.

Modifier সাধারণত দুই প্রকার।

যথা:-

i) Pre-modifier.

ii) Post-modifier.

Pre-modifier: যে Modifier কোন Noun/Adjective/Verb এর পূর্বে বসে তাকে Pre-modifier বলে।

যেমন:

i) Al-Mamun is a regular student.

ii) This is my reading room.

Post-modifier: যে Modifier কোন Noun/Adjective/Verb এর পরে বসে তাকে Post-modifier বলে।

যেমন:

i) We know Pinky, a regular student.

ii) I saw Ataur playing in the field.

Pre modifier

যে সমস্ত Words বা Phrases Pre-modifier হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় সেগুলো নিম্নে উল্লেখ করা হলো।

i) Adjective.

ii) Present participle.

iii) Past participle.

iv) Noun adjective / Noun.

v) Determiners.

vi) Quantifiers.

vii) Compounds.

viii) Possessive.

ix) Adverb.

x) Intensifiers.

এগুলো নিম্নে আলোচনা করা হলো।

i)Adjective as pre-modifier: কোন Noun/Noun phrase এর পূর্বে adjective বসলে ঐ adiective  কে pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ……………………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে adjective as pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ একটি  original adjective বসে।

যেমন:

i) I try to discover the ......... ( use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) talents of my students.

Ans: hidden/secret.

ii) It was an ....... (use an adjective as pre-modifier) journey.

Ans: interesting.

ii) Present participle as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে Present participle (verb+ing) বসলে ঐ Present participle কে Pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ……………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Present participle as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……………………… এ মূল Verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়৷

যেমন:

i) Sudipto likes his ………………………  (Use present participle as

pre-modifier) room.

Ans: reading.

ii) Vobosindhu stood on the ………… (Use present participle to pre modify the noun) train.

Ans: running.

iii) Past Participle as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে Past participle (v3) বসলে ঐ Past participle কে pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ………………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Past participle as pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………………  এ v3 বসে।

যেমন:

i) Most of the villagers drink ………………… (Use past participle to pre-modify the noun) water.

Ans: polluted / contaminated.

ii) We should respect a ................. (use past participle as pre-modifier) man.

Ans: learned.

iv) Noun / Noun Adjective as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে আর একটি Noun বসলে ঐ Noun টিকে Noun adjective বা Pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে……………………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Noun as Pre-modifier অথবা Noun adjective as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত……………… এ  একটি Noun বসে।

যেমন:

i) Some of the students of Khan Saheb Kornoruddin College respect their ……………………… (Use Noun to pre-modify the noun) teacher.

Ans: English.

ii) We should control our …………………… (Use noun adjective as pre-modifier) problem.

Ans :population .

v) Determiners as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে determiners (a, an, the, this, that, these, those etc.) বসলে ঐ determiners কে Pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ……………………… পরে () এর মধ্যে determiners as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত a, an, the, this, that, these, those etc. বসে।

যেমন:

(i) Mr.Raiiq possesses all...........(use articles to pre-modify the noun) qualities of a good teacher.

Ans: the.

ii) Magfur bought……………………(use determiners as pre-modifier) small boat.

Ans: a

Modifier HSC

vi) Quantifiers as pre-modifier : Quantifier হলো noun এর পরিমান (quantity) নির্দেশক শব্দ। কোন Singular Uncountable noun-এর পূর্বে much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসলে এবং কোন Plural countable noun-এর পূর্বে many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসলে ঐ quantifiers কে Pre-modifiers। প্রশ্নে ……………...... এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Quantifiers as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……………………… এ উপোরুক্ত Word গুলির মধ্যে যে কোন একটি বসে।

যেমন:

i) The man has .............. (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money. 

Ans: much.

ii) The boy has bought .............. (use quantifier as Pre-modifier) birds from the New Market.

Ans: two/three.

vii) Compounds as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে Compound word বা জোড়া শব্দ বসলে ঐ Compound word কে Pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ................এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Compounds as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ Compound word বা  জোড়া শব্দ বসে।

যেমন:

i) My brother has bought a ……………………… (use compounds as pre modifier) machine.

Ans: new-brand.

ii) It is a ………………………… (use compounds to Pre-modify the nouns) idea.

Ans: back-dated

More compound words

Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-born, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-colored, multi-storied, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known ইত্যাদি প্রচলিত কতগুলো compound. 

viii) Possessives as pre-modifier: কোন Noun এর পূর্বে possessive case (my, our, your, his, her, their, its, name’s etc.) বসলে ঐ possessive case কে Pre-modifier বলে৷ প্রশ্নে…………………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ‍্যে possessive as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত এ (my, our, your, his, her, their, its, name’s etc. ) বসে।

যেমন:

i) Laboni has read............( Use Possessive as Pre-modifier) drama.

Ans: his / her /Shakespeare's)  

 ii) Jesmin will meet............. (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) friend.

Ans: my / his / her.

ix) Adverb as pre-modifier: কোন Noun/Adjective/Verb  এর পূর্বে adverb বসলে ঐ adverb কে Pre-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে................. এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে adverb as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ adverb বসে।

যেমন

i) Shibani has gone to India by ........ (use adverb as pre-modifier) train.

Ans:down

ii) Nilima has realised the ………………………… (use adverb to pre-modify the noun)

passage.

Ans: above.

iii) He is………...(Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) known as a quack.

Ans: well/ often

iv) Mehedi Hasan is…………..( Use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) honest among the students.

Ans: very

x) Intensifiers as pre-modifier: Intensifiers হলো adverbs or adverbial phrases যা অন্যান্য Word এর অর্থকে  জোরদার বা জোর প্রদর্শন করে। কোন Noun/Adjective/Verb  এর পূর্বে adverb বসলে ঐ adverbs কে Intensifiers বলে। প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে use intensifiers as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ Adverbs (absolutely, completely, extremely, highly, rather, really, so, too, totally, utterly, very, at all ইত্যাদি বসে।

যেমন:

i) They became …..........(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us.

Ans: very

ii) A village doctor is a………...(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh,

Ans: very.

iii) I felt………….(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) sorry for her.

Ans: extremely

iv) She has………….(use an intensifier to pre-modify the verb) offended her sister.

Ans: really

Post modifier

যে সমস্ত words বা phrases post-modifier হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় সে গুলো নিম্নে উল্লেখ করা হলো।            

i) Adjective.

ii) Present participle / Present participle phrase.

iii) Past participle / past participle phrase.

iv) Prepositional phrase.

v)  Infinitive / infinitive phrase.

vi) Appositive.

vii) Relative clause.

viii) Adverb

i) Adjective/Adjective phrase as post-modifier: কোন Noun এর পরে Adjective/ Adjective phrase বসলে ঐ Adjective/Adjective phrase কে post-modifier বলে ৷ প্রশ্নে ………………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Adjective as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ...... এ একটি Adjective বসে আর () এর মধ্যে Adjective phrase as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ...... এ Adjective+Preposition+ext বসে।

যেমন:

i) Beauty made her husband ………………………(use an adjective as post-modifier)

Ans: happy.

ii) There is nothing............(Use an adjective  to post-modify the noun)

Ans: wrong.

iii) She made me………..(Use an adjective phrase as post-modifier)

Ans: happy in conjugal life.

ii) Present participle / present participle phrase as post-modifier: কোন Noun/Verb এর পরে present participle (verb+ing) / present participle phrase (verb+ing+ext) বসলে ঐ present participle/present participle phrase কে post-modifier বলে।প্রশ্নে…………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে present participle as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……………এ verb+ ing বসে আর present participle phrase as Post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ................এ verb+ing+ext বসে। 

যেমন:

i) Chondrima saw her

 friend…………………………(use present participle as post-modifier)

Ans: going.

ii) Tahera saw him..............(Use present Participle phrase to post- modify the noun)

Ans: going to college.

iii) I started……..(Post- modify the verb with present participle) a letter

Ans: writing.

iii) Past participle / Past participle phrase as post-modifier: কোন Noun/Verb এর পরে Past participle (v3) /past participle phrase (v3 + ext) বসলে ঐ Past participle /past participle phrase কে post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ……………..এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Past participle as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……………… এ v3 বসে আর Past participle phrase as Post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ................ এ v3+ext বসে।

যেমন:

i) The message………………… (Use past participle to post-modify the noun) ten minutes ago is very interesting.

Ans: sent / received.

ii) The mobile phone ..............(Use past participle phrase as Post-modifier) is costly.

Ans: bought from Dhaka.

iv) Prepositional phrase as post-modifier: কোন Noun/Verb এর পরে Prepositional phrase (preposition+ext) বসলে ঐ Prepositional phrase কে post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ............... এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে  prepositional phrase as Post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……………………… এ Preposition + noun / pronoun বসে।

যেমন:

i) The bird ..............(Use prepositional phrase as post- modifier) is very fine.

Ans: on the tree.

ii) The flowers ................... (Use propositional phrase to post- modify the noun) look very beautiful.

Ans: in my garden.

Modifier rules for HSC

v) Infinitive / infinitive phrase as post-modifier: কোন Noun/Verb এর পরে Infinitive (to+v1) / Infinitive phrase (to+v1+ext) বসলে ঐ Infinitive/Infinitive phrase কে post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে...............পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Infinitive as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত এ to + v1  বসে। আর ( ) মধ‍্যে Infinitive phrase as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ……… এ to + v1 + ext বসে।

যেমন:

i) My plan ……………………… (Use infinitive as post-modifier) a car ended in smoke.

Ans: to buy.

ii) His decision ..................(Use infinitive phrase as post-modifier) came true.

Ans: to help the poor.

 

vi) Appositive as post-modifier : যে সকল word বা phrase কোন Noun এর পরে বসে ঐ noun সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে ঐ word বা phrase কে Appositive বলে। কোন Noun এর পরে Appositive বসলে ঐ Appositive কে post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ……………… এর পরে ( ) এর মধ‍্যে  appositive as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে  উক্ত.................এ অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদানকারী word বা phrase বসে।

যেমন:

i) Sheikh Hasina ..................(Use appositive as post-modifier) is very intelligent.

Ans: prime minister of Bangladesh.

ii) Mr.Rabiul.................. (Use appositive as post-modifier) is very rough.

Ans: Principal of this college.

vii) Relative clause as post modifier : কোন Noun এর পরে Relative clause (who / which / that + v + ext) বসলে ঐ Relative clause কে post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে ................. এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে  relative clause as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ....................এ who / which / that + v + ext বসে।

i) The man ……………………… (Use relative clause as post-modifier) was very greedy.

Ans: who came here.

ii) I bought a mobile phone ……………………… (Use relative clause as post-modifier)

Ans: which was very fine /costly.

viii) Adverb as post-modifier: কোন Noun/Verb এর পরে Adverb বসলে ঐ Adverb কে Post-modifier বলে। প্রশ্নে …............……এর পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে adverb as post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত................. এ Adverb বসে।

যেমন:

i) The person …………………… (Use adverb as post-modifier) is my teacher.

Ans: behind.

ii) The man…………………… (Use adverb as post-modifier) is known to me.

Ans;here.

iii) He went to school …………(post modify the verb).

Ans: Early/at an early age.

Modifier এর শর্টকাট নিয়ম

1. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Pre-modify the Noun উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত………… এ একটি Adjective বসে।

2. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Pre-modify the adjective উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত

………………… এ Adverb বসে।

3. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে use intensifiers as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ Adverbs (absolutely, completely, extremely, highly, rather, really, so, too, totally, utterly, very, at all ইত্যাদি বসে।

4. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে use Determiners as Pre-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ Articles= a, an, the এবং Demonstrative = this, that, these, those ইত্যাদি বসে।

5. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে use quantifiers as pre-

modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে।

6. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Noun/Noun Adjective as preb modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ একটি Noun বসে।

7. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Possessive as pre- modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ my, our, your, his, her their, its, name’s etc. বসে।

8. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Pre-modify/Post-modify the verb উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ একটি Adverb বসে।

যেমন:

9. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Use adverbial phrase / Prepositional phrase as Pre-modifier/Post-modifier  উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ Preposition+ext বসে।

যেমন:

10. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Use Infinitive/ Infinitive phrase as Post-modifier উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ  to+v1/to+v1+ext বসে।

11. প্রশ্নে …………………… পরে ( ) এর মধ্যে Use Present participle/ Present participle phrase as Post-modifier  উল্লেখ থাকলে উক্ত ………………… এ  Verb+ing/ verb ing+ext বসে।