Chemistry

û   Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb : kw³i AwZ cwiwPZ Drm n‡jv Kqjv, LwbR †Zj I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| †KvwU †KvwU eQi c~‡e© G c„w_ex‡Z wekvj wekvj ebf‚wg wQj| ebf‚wg‡Z †hme MvQcvjv, RxeRš‘ wQj cÖPÊ f‚wgK¤ú ev †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi d‡j ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y gvwUi wb‡P Pvcv c‡o Ges µgvš^‡q Rg‡Z _v‡K| G‡`iB †`nve‡kl Rxevk¥| f‚Af¨šÍifv‡M cÖPÊ Pv‡c I Zv‡c evqyi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j G‡`i aŸsmve‡kl µgk Kqjv, LwbR †Zj I cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m cwiYZ nq| G Rxevk¥ KwVb, Zij ev evqexq AvKv‡i Lwb †_‡K Zz‡j R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvB G‡`i‡K Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb ejv nq|

û  †c‡Uªvwjqvg ev LwbR †Zj : kw³i Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm †c‡Uªvwjqvg ev LwbR †Zj| Lwb †_‡K †h †Zj AvnwiZ nq Zv Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj hv g~jZ nvB‡WªvKve©b I Ab¨vb¨ wKQy ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wgkªY| Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj‡K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ Ask‡K AvswkK cvZb c×wZ‡Z c„_K Kiv nq| †c‡Uªvwjqv‡g we`¨gvb Dcv`v‡bi ùzUbvs‡Ki Ici wfwË K‡i †Zj cwi‡kvabvMv‡i c„_KxK…Z wewfbœ As‡ki bvg ch©vqµ‡g †c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm, †c‡Uªvj (M¨v‡mvwjb), b¨vc_v, †K‡ivwmb, wW‡Rj †Zj, jyweª‡KwUs †Zj I weUzwgb| †c‡Uªv‡ji wewfbœ Ask‡K wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi R¡vjvwb I †c‡Uªv‡KwgK¨vj wk‡í wewfbœ ivmvqwbK †hŠM cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|

û  cÖvK…wZK M¨vm : Lwb‡Z †c‡Uªvwjqvg †h cÖwµqvq m„wó nq cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi m„wói cÖwµqvI GKB iKg| mvaviYZ Lwbi Dc‡ii As‡k M¨vm Avi wb‡Pi w`‡K LwbR †Zj _v‡K| LwbR †Zj Ges cÖvK…wZK M¨vm DfqB ˆRe c`v_©| G¸‡jv Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wewfbœ Abycv‡Z wgkª‡Yi d‡j MwVZ nq| cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b (80%)| GQvovI cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m _v‡K B‡_b (7%), †cÖv‡cb (6%), weD‡Ub I AvB‡mv weD‡Ub (4%), †cb‡Ub (3%)| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m wg‡_‡bi nvi 99.99%| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K evqy‡Z †cvov‡j Zvckw³ cvIqv hvq|

û  nvB‡WªvKve©b : Kve©b Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv MwVZ †hŠMmg~n‡K nvB‡WªvKve©b e‡j| †hgb : CH₄, C₂H₆, C₆H₆, C₆H₁₂ cÖf„wZ| AvYweK MVb Abyhvqx nvB‡WªvKve©b cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b| A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| gy³ wkKj I e× wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b| gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©bmg~n Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³| h_v : m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b I Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b| †hme nvB‡WªvKve©‡b Kve©b-Kve©b GKK eÜb _v‡K Zv‡`i m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b e‡j| †hgb : B‡_b, †cÖv‡cb| †hme nvB‡WªvKve©‡b Kve©b-Kve©b cigvYyi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKwU wØeÜb ev GKwU wÎeÜb _v‡K Zv‡`i Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b e‡j| †hgb : Bw_b, B_vBb BZ¨vw`|

û  A¨vj‡Kb : mKj m¤ú„³ A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vj‡Kb ejv nq| G‡`i mvaviY AvYweK ms‡KZ C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> (n = 1, 2, 3 .........)| G †kªwYi cÖ_g (n = 1) m`‡m¨i bvg wg‡_b CH₄ Ges wØZxq m`m¨ (n = 2) n‡”Q B‡_b C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>| cÖwZwU A¨vj‡K‡bi bv‡gi †k‡l Gb (ane) _vK‡e| A¨vj‡K‡bi C - C Ges C - H eÜbmg~n kw³kvjx nIqvq Giv ivmvqwbKfv‡e wbw®Œq| Giv mvaviY Ae¯’vq Zxeª GwmW, ÿviK I RviK ev weRviK c`v‡_©i m‡½ wewµqv K‡i bv| GRb¨ G‡`i Ôc¨vivwdbÕ ev Avmw³nxb ejv nq| Z‡e evqy ev Aw·‡Rb Ges †K¬vwi‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i|

û  A¨vjwKb : †hme Am¤ú„³ A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ `ywU Kve©b cigvYy ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wØeÜb Øviv hy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i A¨vjwKb e‡j| G‡`i mvaviY AvYweK ms‡KZ C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>| G †kªwYi cÖ_g m`‡m¨i bvg Bw_wjb (C₂H₄)| cÖwZwU A¨vjwK‡bi bv‡gi †k‡l Bb (ene) _vK‡e| A¨vjwKbmg~‡ni ivmvqwbK ag© Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb Øviv wbqwš¿Z| G wØe܇bi Kvi‡Y Giv A‡bK ms‡hvRb wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i, ZLb G wØeÜb †f‡O hvq Ges GKK e܇bi m„wó nq|

û  A¨vjKvBb : †hme Am¤ú„³ A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ `ywU Kve©b cigvYy ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wÎeÜb Øviv hy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i A¨vjKvBb e‡j| G‡`i mvaviY AvYweK ms‡KZ C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub>| G †kªwYi cÖ_g m`‡m¨i bvg A¨vwmwUwjb (CH º CH)| g~j nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi bv‡gi †k‡l Gb (ane) ev` w`‡q †mLv‡b AvBb (-yne) †hvM Ki‡j A¨vjKvB‡bi bvg cvIqv hvq|

û  A¨vj‡Kvnj : m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi AYy †_‡K GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy nvBWªw·j (- OH) MÖæc Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h †hŠMmg~n MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i A¨vj‡Kvnj ejv nq| A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K D™¢~Z A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni mvaviY ms‡KZ C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH| G †kªwYi cÖ_g m`m¨ n‡”Q wg_vbj ev wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj CH₃OH, wØZxq m`m¨ n‡”Q B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj CH₃CH₂OH| A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqv cÖavbZ -OH MÖæ‡ci wewµqv|

û  A¨vjwWnvBW : m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi AYy †_‡K GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy -CHO MÖæc Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h †hŠMmg~n MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i A¨vjwWnvBW ejv nq| A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K D™¢~Z A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi mvaviY ms‡KZ C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>, CHO| G †kªwYi cÖ_g m`m¨ n‡”Q dig¨vjwWnvBW (HCHO)|

û  ˆRe GwmW : GKwU Kve©w·jg~jK wewkó A¨vwj‡dwUK ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K ˆRe GwmW ev d¨vwU GwmW ejv nq| G‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ RCOOH| cÖ_g d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi bvg wg_vbwqK GwmW (HCOOH)| wØZxq d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi bvg B_vbwqK GwmW (CH₃COOH)| d¨vwU GwmWmg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK n‡”Q -COOH| cÖvq me wewµqvq G g~jK AskMÖnY K‡i|

û  cwjgvi : GKB c`v‡_©i AmsL¨ AYy ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †h e„nr AYy MVb K‡i Zv‡K cwjgvi e‡j| †gjvgvB‡bi _vjv-evmb, ˆe`y¨wZK myBP †evW©, Kv‡c©U, wcwfwm cvBc, cwjw_‡bi e¨vM, wm‡éi ev D‡ji Kvco, bvBj‡bi myZv, ivevi meB cwjgvi| `yB ai‡bi cwjgvi Av‡Q- cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi I K…wÎg cwjgvi|

û  cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi : cÖvK…wZKfv‡e A‡bK cwjgvi Drcbœ nq| †hgb : Dw™¢‡`i †mjy‡jvR I ÷vP© `y‡UvB cwjgvi hv eûmsL¨K Møy‡KvR AYyhy³ n‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †cÖvwUb A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi cwjgvi| Bbmywjb bvgK cwjgv‡i `ywU A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW _v‡K| ivevi bvgK Mv‡Qi Kl GKwU cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi|

û  K…wÎg cwjgvi ev cøvw÷K :  mKj cøvw÷K `ªe¨ K…wÎg cwjgvi| cøvw÷K kãwU G‡m‡Q wMÖK kã Plastikos †_‡K hvi A_© Mjv‡bv m¤¢e| †hme cøvw÷K Mwj‡q Quv‡P †X‡j †h †Kv‡bv AvKvi †`Iqv hvq, †m¸‡jv K…wÎg cwjgvi| ivmvqwbK c`v_© we‡klZ wØeÜb wewkó A¨vjwKb, A¨vjwWnvBW, A¨vj‡Kvnj, A¨vwgb, ˆRe  Gwm‡Wi cwjgviKiY wewµqvi gva¨‡g cøvw÷K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

û  cwjgviKiY : D”PZvc (200°C) I D”PPv‡c (1000 evqyPv‡c) AmsL¨ A¨vjwKb AYy ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q e„nr AvK…wZi AYy MVb K‡i| G wewµqvq Drcbœ e„nr AYy‡K cwjgvi Ges wewµqv‡K cwjgviKiY wewµqv e‡j| †h AmsL¨ wewµqK AYy hy³ nq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU AYy‡K g‡bvgvi e‡j|

û  ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨ : Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ †hŠMmg~n‡K ˆRe †hŠM e‡j| A_©vr mKj nvB‡WªvKve©bB ˆRe †hŠM| ˆRe †hŠMmg~n mg‡hvRx e܇bi gva¨‡g Ges A‰Re †hŠMmg~n AvqwbK e܇bi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq| wKQz mg‡hvRx †hŠM _v‡K hviv AvqwbK ˆewkó¨ AR©b K‡i Ges wKQz AvqwbK †hŠM _v‡K hviv mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ AR©b K‡i|